Index

()

ELF

()

()

()

History | The

()

()

()

2.3 | History

()

()

()

()

History | 5.2

()

()

()

History | The | 2.5

()

History | The

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

4.5

()

History | 5.2

()

History | History | The | 5.2

Armstrong et al. (1998a)

2.2.2 | Spectral | 4.5 | Indirect

Armstrong et al. (1998b)

Armstrong et al. (2000)

Spectral | Spectral | 5.3

Barrington-Leigh and Inan (1999)

Abstract | 1.4 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2.1 | Discrimination

Barrington-Leigh et al. (1999a)

Abstract | 5. | Ubiquity

Barrington-Leigh et al. (1999b)

The

Barrington-Leigh et al. (2000)

Abstract | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.2.2 | The | 5. | 5.

Bazelyan and Raizer (1998)

2.1 | 2.1.1 | 2.1.1 | 2.1.1 | 2.1.1 | 2.1.3 | 2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | 5.3.3

Bell et al. (1998)

ELF | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3

Bevington and Robinson (1992)

5.3.2

Bickel et al. (1970)

5.1.5

Boccippio et al. (1995)

4.2

Boeck et al. (1992)

Abstract | 1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 4.1.2.1

Boeck et al. (1998)

Budden (1985)

2.1.5

Chalmers (1967)

1.2 | History

Chamberlain (1978)

3.3.1

Chapman (1980)

2.1.3

Charman and Jelley (1972)

Cho and Rycroft (1998)

Cummer and Inan (1997)

ELF | ELF | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.3.3

Cummer and Inan (2000)

History | ELF | 3.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.3.3

Cummer and Stanley (1999)

History | 5.1.2 | 5.3 | 5.3.1 | 5.3.3 | 5.3.3

Cummer et al. (1998a)

ELF | 3.1

Cummer et al. (1998b)

History | 5.2.2 | 5.3 | 5.3.3

Cummer (1997)

Cummins et al. (1998a)

Cummins et al. (1998b)

1.2 | 1.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2

Dhali and Williams (1985)

2.4 | 2.4 | 5.3.4

Erlick and Frederick (1998)

3.2.2

Farrell and Desch (1992)

Fernsler and Rowland (1996)

2.2.1 | 2.2.1

Feynman et al. (1989)

Fishman et al. (1994)

2.1.4 | 2.3 | History

Franz et al. (1990)

Abstract | History | 5.2

Fukunishi et al. (1996a)

Multi-anode

Fukunishi et al. (1996b)

2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 4.1.2.1

Fukunishi et al. (1997)

2.2.2 | 2.2.2

Fukunishi et al. (1998)

5.1.4 | Multi-anode

Gerken et al. (1998)

Telescopic

Gerken et al. (2000)

Abstract | Corona | 5.2.2 | 5.3 | 5.3.4 | 5.3.4 | Telescopic

Glukhov and Inan (1996)

Glukhov et al. (1992)

1.3 | 2.4.2 | 2.5.2 | 2.5.2

Goldstein (1980)

2.1.2 | 2.1.3

Green et al. (1996)

Spectral | 2.4.3

Guo and Krider (1982)

3.2.1 | 5.3

Hampton et al. (1996)

Spectral | 3.3

Heavner et al. (1998)

Heavner (2000)

2.3 | History | The | Spectral | Spectral | 3.3 | 3.5.3

Huang et al. (1999)

ELF

Inan and Inan (1999)

Inan et al. (1988)

Inan et al. (1991)

2.2 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2

Inan et al. (1993)

Inan et al. (1996a)

2.3 | 2.5.2 | 2.5.2 | 2.5.2

Inan et al. (1996b)

2.1.4 | 2.3 | History

Inan et al. (1996c)

1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 3.4 | 4.1.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.3 | 5.1.4

Inan et al. (1996d)

2.3 | 2.5.2 | 4.1.2.1

Inan et al. (1997)

Abstract | 1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 4.1.2 | 4.1.2 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.2.1

Inan (1990)

2.1.5 | 2.2.1

Jacoby et al. (1984)

3.5.3

Johnson and Mitchell (1975)

3.5.3

Johnson et al. (1999)

2.5.1 | 2.5.2 | 2.5.2

Jordan and Balmain (1968)

Krider (1992)

2.1.4

Landolt and Hellwege (1987)

4.1.2.1

Lauben et al. (1999)

Lehtinen et al. (1997)

2.3 | History | 5.2.2

Lehtinen et al. (1999)

2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | 2.3 | 5.2.2

Lehtinen (2000)

2.3 | History

Li et al. (1991)

Llewellyn-Jones (1966)

2.1.2

Lyons et al. (1998)

Lyons (1996)

1.2 | 1.2 | 3.5.3 | 5.3

Marshall et al. (1996)

1.3

Meek and Craggs (1978)

2.1.3

Mende et al. (1995)

Spectral | 3.3

Milikh et al. (1995)

The

Milikh et al. (1997)

Milikh et al. (1998)

Montenbruck and Pfleger (1998)

3.2.3

Nemiroff et al. (1997)

2.1.4

Nemzek and Winckler (1989)

Ogelman (1973)

Orville (1994)

4.4

Pasko et al. (1995)

History | The | Spectral | 5.1.6

Pasko et al. (1996a)

1.3 | 2.3

Pasko et al. (1996b)

4.1.2.1

Pasko et al. (1997a)

History | The

Pasko et al. (1997b)

2.3 | History | The | Corona | Spectral | 2.4.1 | 2.4.1 | 2.4.1 | 2.4.2 | 2.4.3 | 2.4.3 | 2.5 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.5 | 5.1.6 | 5.3.3 | Discrimination

Pasko et al. (1998a)

1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.4 | The | Corona | Corona | 2.4 | 2.4 | 5.1 | 5.1.6 | Indirect | Discrimination

Pasko et al. (1998b)

Pasko et al. (1999a)

2.4 | 2.4.3

Pasko et al. (1999b)

History | 2.5

Pasko et al. (2000)

Corona | 5.1.6 | Indirect | Verification

Poulsen et al. (1993)

Three-dimensional

Rairden and Mende (1995)

Raizer et al. (1998)

2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | 2.1.4 | Corona | Corona | 5.3.4 | 5.3.4

Rees (1973)

2.1.4

Reising et al. (1996)

Reising et al. (1999)

Rodger (1999)

2.3 | History

Rodriguez et al. (1992)

2.2.1 | 2.2.1

Roussel-Dupre and Blanc (1997)

Roussel-Dupre and Gurevich (1996)

2.3 | History | 5.2.2

Roussel-Dupre et al. (1998)

1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 4.2

Rowland et al. (1995)

2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1

Rowland et al. (1996)

1.4 | 2.2.1

Rowland (1998)

2.2.1 | 2.3 | 2.5.3

Sentman et al. (1995)

History | History | 5.2

Sipler and Biondi (1972)

2.4.3

Stanley et al. (1999)

History | Corona | 3.5.2 | 5.1.2 | 5.3.1 | 5.3.4 | Telescopic | Telescopic

Stanley et al. (2000)

History | ELF

Stanley (2000)

2.5 | 3.2.3

Stanton and St John (1969)

2.4.3

Sturrock (1994)

2.1.1

Sukhorukov et al. (1996)

Suszcynsky et al. (1998)

Taflove (1995)

2.5

Taranenko and Roussel-Dupre (1996)

2.3 | The

Taranenko et al. (1992)

2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.4.3

Taranenko et al. (1993a)

2.1.2 | 2.1.3 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.5.3 | 2.5.3 | 4.4

Taranenko et al. (1993b)

2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 3.4 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.2

Taranenko et al. (1997)

2.2.1 | 4.2

Thomason and Krider (1982)

3.2.1 | 5.3

Tsunoda et al. (1998)

2.3 | 3.3

Uman (1987)

1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.3.3

Vaughan and Vonnegut (1989)

Veronis et al. (1999)

2.2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4

Wait and Spies (1964)

2.5.2 | 5.1.5

Watanabe (1999)

Wescott et al. (1995)

1.3 | 2.3

Wescott et al. (1998)

2.3 | History

Wescott et al. (1999)

5.1.6

Wettlaufer and Dash (2000)

Williams (1998)

ELF

Wilson (1925)

2.1.4 | History | ELF

Winckler et al. (1993)

Winckler et al. (1996)

5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3.1

Winckler (1998)

5.2 | 5.2.2

Yukhimuk et al. (1998)

attachment

1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.3 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4.2 | 2.5.3

dissociative: 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.3 | 2.1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.4.2 | 2.5.1 | 5.1.6 | 5.3.2 | 5.3.2
three-body: 1.3 | 2.4.2 | 2.4.2 | 2.5.2

blue jets

1.3 | History

Boltzmann equation

2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.4

CG

see cloud-to-ground lightning

charge moment

thesis | see current moment | 2.5 | 2.5.2 | 5. | 5.1 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.6 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.3.3 | 5.3.3 | Verification | Ubiquity

collisions

2.4

cross section: 2.1.1 | 2.1.1
drift momentum and: 2.1.1
effect on reflection height: 1.3
elastic: 2.1.1 | 2.1.2 | 2.1.2 | 2.1.3 | 2.1.3 | 2.1.3 | 2.2.1
electron-electron: 2.1.1
energy loss: 2.1.2 | 2.1.4
exothermic: 2.1.3
frequency: 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.1
in distribution function: 1.1
inelastic: 2.1.3 to 2.1.3 | 2.2.1 | 2.4
quenching: 2.4.3
three body: 2.1.3 | nn
vs. altitude: 1.3
weakly ionized gas: 2.1

conductivity

1.3 | 1.3 | 5.1.6 | 5.3.3

gradient: 1.3 | 2.4 | 2.5.1 | Indirect
ion: 2.4 | 2.4.1
modeled: 2.2.1 | 2.4 | 2.4.1 | 2.5
self consistent: 1.3 | 2.2.1
weakly ionized: nn

continuing current

1.2 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 5.1.6 | 5.2.1 | 5.3.3 | Ubiquity

Courant condition

2.5

current

horizontal: 1.4 | 2.1.4 | 2.2.1 | 3.1 | 5.2.2 | 5.3.3 | 5.3.3 | 5.3.3
moment: see charge moment | ELF to ELF | 2.5

cutoff frequency

region

1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 3.1 | 4.1.2 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 4.4 | 5.1.5

density

electron

ambient: 1.3

distribution function

1.1 | 1.1 | 2.1.2 | 2.4 | 3.3

Druyvesteyn: 2.1.3
Maxwellian: 2.1.2 | 2.1.3 | 2.2.1
modeled: 2.1.2 | 2.1.3 | 2.2.1 to 2.2.1 | 2.4.1
moments of: nn | 2.1.1
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): 2.1.2
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): to 2.1.2
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): 2.2.1
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): 2.2.1
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): 2.4.3
thermal relaxation time ( $\ensuremath{{\tau_{\rm th}}}$ ): 3.3

Druyvesteyn

2.1.3

early/fast

1.4 | 2.5.2 to 2.5.2 | Three-dimensional

Earth-ionosphere waveguide

1.3 | ELF | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 4.1.1 | 5.2.2

Einstein coefficient

2.4.3 | 2.4.3 | 3.3.1

electric field

conventional breakdown threshold ( $E_{k}$ ): 2.1.4
downward: 1.2 | 1.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2
relaxation time ( $\tau_{\rm E}$ ): 5.3.2
upward: 5.2.2

ELF

see extremely low frequency

elves

duration

4.1.1

imaged

from aircraft: 4.1.4
from ground: 4.1.4
with sprite columns: 4.1.2.1
with sprite halo: 5.1.4

named

2.2.1 | 2.2.2

singular (elve): nn

onset delay after sferic

4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.4 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 5.2.1

spectroscopy

3.3 | 4.5

Fly's Eye

1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 3.3 | (textbf | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | )textbf | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.5 | 3.5.1 | 3.5.3 | 3.5.3 | 3.5.3 | 4. | 4.1 | 4.1.2 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.3 | 4.1.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.1.4 | 5.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.3.1 | 5.3.2 | 5.3.2 | Discrimination | Discrimination | Ubiquity | Multi-anode | Multi-anode

geometric factor

3.3.1 | 3.3.2

gravity waves, atmospheric

halo

see sprite

ignorosphere

1.3

index of refraction

1.3 | 2.1.5

Langmuir Laboratory

3.2.2 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.2 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.2.1 | 5.3

Langmuir Laboratory.

3.4

magnetic field

1.3

Earth: 1.3 | 2.1.5 | 2.4
measured: 3.1 | 4.2 | 5.3.2 | 5.3.2 | 5.3.3
modeled: 2.4
waveguide: 3.1 | 3.1 | 5.2.2

MCS

see mesoscale convective system

mesoscale convective system

1.2 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.2 | 5.2.2 | 5.3 | Ubiquity

effect of elves over: 2.5.3 | 4.4

mesoscale convective system.

4.4

MODTRAN

3.2.2 | 3.2.2 | 4.5 | 4.5

$\Delta {\rm M_{Qv}}$

see vertical charge moment change

National Instruments

3.4

National Lightning Detection Network

accuracy: 1.2 | 5.2.2
and video imagery: 3.5.3 | 4.1.4 | 4.1.4 | 5.2.1

NLDN

see National Lightning Detection Network

optical depth

nn | 3.2.1

parallax

3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1 | 3.4.1

plasma

1.1 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2. | 2.1

highly ionized: 2.1.1
weakly ionized: 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.2.1

plasma frequency

1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.5

PMT

see photomultipler tube

quenching

2.4.3 | 2.4.3 | 2.4.3 | 2.4.3 | 4.5 | 5.3.2

rapid lateral expansion

2.2.1 | 2.2.2 | 2.2.2 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 5.2.1

Rayleigh-scattering

2.2.2 | 3.2 | (textbf | )textbf | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.1.3 to 4.1.3 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 4.3 | Discrimination

reflection height

1.3 | 1.3 | 2.1.5 | 2.5.2 | 2.5.2 | 5.1.5 | 5.1.5

refraction

optical: 3.2.3 | 3.5.3 | 3.5.3 | 4.1.2.1 | 4.5

sferic

see radio atmospheric

sky flash

see Rayleigh-scattering | 4.1.3

speed of light

4.3 | 4.3 | 5.1.2

greater than: 4.1.1

spider lightning

5.2.2 | 5.3

sprite

angel

carrot

2.2.2 | History

column

2.2.2 | History | 2.5.1 | 2.5.2 | 4.1.2.1 | 5.1.2 | 5.1.3 | 5.2.1 | 5.2.1 | Telescopic

dancing