\documentclass[phd,oneside,11pt,norunningheaders]{ubcthesiscpbl}%[phd,10pt,noupper,runningheaders]{ubcthesis} 
\usepackage{setspace}
\newcommand{\ifdoDoubleSpace}[1]{}
% committee option is for draft: 1.5 spacing

\makeatletter

\if@twoside
\def\setpageforTOC{\setcounter{page}{2}}
\else
\def\setpageforTOC{}
\fi

\if@twoside
  \def\ps@plain{%
    %\let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
    \let\@oddhead\@empty\let\@evenhead\@empty
    %\def\@evenhead{%
    \def\@evenfoot{%
      \parbox{\textwidth}{%
        \makebox[\textwidth]{{\pagenumberfont\thepage}\hfill}
        %\if@headline\vspace{\headlinespace}\fi
        }%
    }%
    %\def\@oddhead{%
    \def\@oddfoot{%
      \parbox{\textwidth}{%
        \makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill{\pagenumberfont\thepage}}
        %\if@headline\vspace{\headlinespace}\fi
      }%
    }%
    }%
\fi


  \def\ps@plain{%
    %\let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
    \let\@oddhead\@empty\let\@evenhead\@empty
    %\def\@evenhead{%
    \def\@evenfoot{%
      \parbox{\textwidth}{%
        \makebox[\textwidth]{{\pagenumberfont\thepage}\hfill}
        %\if@headline\vspace{\headlinespace}\fi
        }%
    }%
    %\def\@oddhead{%
    \def\@oddfoot{%
      \parbox{\textwidth}{%
        \makebox[\textwidth]{\hfill{\pagenumberfont\thepage}}
        %\if@headline\vspace{\headlinespace}\fi
      }%
    }%
    }%


\makeatother

\usepackage{mathptmx} 
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}
\setcounter{tocdepth}{4}
\usepackage{varioref} % eqref is in here?????

\usepackage{url} % For a url..
\usepackage{amssymb} % amssymb/amsmath have?? checkmark? eqref?
\usepackage{amsmath} % align environment (everyone says stop using eqnarray!)


\usepackage{index}
% Following two are just black holes to accomodate index calls in the
% variable list table
\newindex{vars}{vidx}{and}{Coded variables}
\newindex{surveyvars}{sidx}{sand}{Survey variables}

\providecommand{\tabularnewline}{\\} % LyX relic

%******** natbib ********************************
% This is a very nice package for bibliographies.  It includes options
% for sorting and compressing bibliographic entries.
\usepackage[square,authoryear]{natbib} % REMOVED OPTIONS: numbers,sort&compress,

% cPbL: For chapter-level bibliographies:
\usepackage{bibtopic}
\bibliographystyle{aguCpbl}%cje}

%******** graphics and graphicx ******************************
% This allows you to include encapsulated postscript files.  If you
% don't have this, comment the \includegraphics{} line following the
% comment "%includegraphics" later in this file.
\usepackage{graphicx}

%******** lscape ******************************
% This allows you to include landscape layout pages by using the
% |landscape| environment. Note that this output might only be valid
% after converting to a postscript or pdf file.
\usepackage{lscape}

%******** psfrag ******************************
% This allows you to replace text in postscript pictures with formated
% latex text.  This allows you to use math in graph labels
% etc. Uncomment the psfrag lines following the "%psfrag" comment
% later in this file if you don't have this package.  The replacements
% will only be visible in the final postscript file: they will be
% listed in the .dvi file but not performed.
\usepackage{psfrag}

%******** afterpage ***************************
% This package allows you to issue commands at the end of the current
% page.  A good use for this is to use the command
% \afterpage{\clearpage} right after a figure.  This will cause the
% figure to be inserted on the page following the current one (or on
% the current page if it will fit) but will not break the page in the
% middle.
\usepackage{afterpage}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Allow a new preface entity which is useful for a DEDICATION
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Use as follows:
%     \beforepreface
%     \dedication{To my grandparents ...}
%     \prefacesection{Abstract}   ...
%
% 2000 February 14: cPbL
\def\dedication#1{
  \chapter[Dedication]{} % Put in TOC but don't display "Dedication"
                         % on page
%  \thispagestyle{empty}  % No page number
  \thispagestyle{plain}   % Yes page number
  \vspace{6cm}
  \begin{center}
    #1
  \end{center}
  }
     
% Define a command to start a bib section for manuscript-based thesis
\newcommand{\placeSecBib}[1]{
\forThesis{
\newpage
\begin{btSect}{veblen,evolution,institutions,swb,general,urban,weather,sk} 
\chapter*{Bibliography for #1} 
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Bibliography for #1}
\btPrintCited 
\end{btSect} 
\end{btUnit}
}
}

\renewcommand{\listfigurename}{List of figures}
\renewcommand{\listtablename}{List of tables}

 
% These commands are optional.  The defaults are shown.
%\institution{The University Of British ColumbiaV}
%\institutionaddress{Vancouver, Canada}
\program{Economics}

% You can issue as many of these as you have...
\previousdegree{S.B. Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995}
\previousdegree{M.Sc. Applied Physics, Stanford University, 1998}
\previousdegree{Ph.D. Applied Physics, Stanford University, 2001}


% These commands are required.
\title{Geography, reference groups, and the determinants of life satisfaction}
\subtitle{}
\author{Christopher Paul Barrington-Leigh}
\copyrightyear{2009} 
\submitdate{January 2009}%\today}

\advisor{Thomas Lemieux}
\advisortitle{Professor of Economics}
% One might want to override the format of the section and chapter
% numbers.  This shows you how to do it.  Note that
\renewcommand\thepart         {\Roman{part}}
\renewcommand\thechapter      {\arabic{chapter}}
\renewcommand\thesection      {\thechapter.\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand\thesubsection   {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}
\renewcommand\theparagraph    {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}

\usepackage{relsize}
\newcommand\muchsmaller{\smaller\smaller}

\usepackage{cpblRef}
\usepackage{cpblTables}


% Below is for the data (survey appendix). Gods help me!
\usepackage{psfrag,color,graphicx}
\graphicspath{{/home/cpbl/papers/incomeCMA/plots/}{./}}

\graphicspath{{/home/cpbl/models/veblenNeighbourhoods/figuresLEL/}{/home/cpbl/models/veblenNeighbourhoods/figuresvs/}{./}{./figuresvs}{./tmpg}{/home/cpbl/papers/incomeCMA/plots/}{./}}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\usepackage{ushort} % For an underbar that looks like \bar.
\usepackage{wrapfig} % For acknowledgements only

% BELOW DEFINES THE THEOREM ENVIROS I NEED: PROPOSITION, LEMMA, PROOF

\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma}
\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition}
\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary}

\newenvironment{definition}[1][Definition]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{example}[1][Example]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}
\newenvironment{remark}[1][Remark]{\begin{trivlist}
\item[\hskip \labelsep {\bfseries #1}]}{\end{trivlist}}

% Some tools to differentiate between thesis version and journal
% manuscript version.
\newcommand{\forThesis}[1]{#1}
\newcommand{\forPaper}[1]{}



\newcommand{\LELcfig}[1]{\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth,keepaspectratio]{#1.\epspdf}}%{\input{#1}.tex}
% Above redundant: see cpblRef.sty LELwfig


\newcommand{\epspdf}{pdf}%{eps}%
\newcommand{\cmykrgb}{cmyk}%{rgb}
\newcommand{\rawplotspath}{/home/cpbl/models/veblenNeighbourhoods/plots/raw/}
\newcommand{\iCMArawplotspath}{/home/cpbl/econ/favouritePlots/cityScatterPlots/}%{papers/incomeCMA/plots/raw/}
\usepackage[footnotesize,bf]{caption} % Does this actually call caption2 or caption3?
\setlength{\captionmargin}{20pt}


% Inconspicuous hyperref -- very nice.
  \usepackage[   
       colorlinks,
      citecolor=black,
       filecolor=black,
       linkcolor=black,
       urlcolor=black  
   ]{hyperref}



\newif\ifNBER

%%% TURN OFF COMMENTS:
\renewcommand{\draftComment}[1]{}
\renewcommand{\safeDraftComment}[1]{}
\renewcommand{\cpblOldComment}[1]{}

% Turn on comments:

%\renewcommand{\draftComment}{\draftCommentColouredBox}
%\renewcommand{\cpblOldComment}{\draftCommentColouredBox}
 
% UBC has strange format requirements, but some things not strict. So
% don't worry about things looking nice. Widen so I can fit my big tables:
% To ensure that the margin fiddling for the huge/wide/long tables
%\addtolength\oddsidemargin{-1cm}
%\addtolength\evensidemargin{-1cm}
%\addtolength\textwidth{2cm}
\addtolength\oddsidemargin{-1cm}
\addtolength\evensidemargin{-1cm}
\addtolength\textwidth{2cm}

\newcommand{\starsOrColours}[2]{#1}

\ifdoDoubleSpace{\doublespacing}
\begin{document}
%\renewcommand\baselinestretch{1.0}

\forThesis{
\begin{btUnit}
}
\ifdoDoubleSpace{ \begin{singlespace} }

% This starts numbering in Roman numerals as required for the thesis
% style.
\frontmatter

% The order of the following components is preserved.  The order
% listed here is the order currently required by the library.
\maketitle
\newpage\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage  %\pagestyle{empty}
\begin{abstract} %\pagestyle{plain}
\setcounter{page}{2}

This dissertation combines three contributions to the literature on
the determinants of well-being and the social nature of preferences....


\end{abstract}
\newpage\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage  %\pagestyle{empty}
\setpageforTOC


\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\listoffigures


\chapter{Epistemological preface}

The two most fundamental ingredients in the study of economics must be
the answers to the questions: ``How do people make decisions?''  and
``What is good for people?'' ...

\chapter*{}
%\vspace{10mm}

\begin{quote}
{\em Consider the following. We humans are social beings. We come into the
world as the result of others' actions. We survive here in dependence
on others. Whether we like it or not, there is hardly a moment of our
lives when we do not benefit from others' activities. For this reason
it is hardly surprising that most of our happiness arises in the
context of our relationships with others.} \begin{flushright}--- HH Dalai Lama\end{flushright}
\end{quote}

\vspace{10mm}

\begin{quote}
\emph{Our desires and pleasures spring from society; we measure them,
therefore, by society and by the objects which serve for their satisfaction.
Because they are of a social nature, they are of a relative nature.
... A house may be large or small; as long as the surrounding houses
are equally small it satisfies all social demands for a dwelling.
But let a palace arise beside the little house, and it shrinks from
a little house to a hut ... the occupant of the relatively small house
will feel more and more uncomfortable, dissatisfied and cramped within
its four walls.} \begin{flushright} --- Karl Marx\footnote{\citet[p. 163]{Marx-Engels-1848}, cited in \citet{Kingdon-Knight-JEBO2007}}
\end{flushright}
\end{quote}



\vspace{10mm}

\begin{quote}
{\em...men
do not desire to be rich, but richer than other men.}
\begin{flushright}
--- John Stuart Mill\footnote{Cited by \citet{Graham-Pettinato-JDS2002}}
\end{flushright}
\end{quote}

\vspace{10mm}

\begin{quote}
{\em Unless you've measured it, you don't know what you're talking
  about.}
\begin{flushright}
--- Lord Kelvin
\end{flushright}
\end{quote}

\chapter{Acknowledgements}
\input{acknowledgements.tex}


\dedication{\Large \em
For Iris: this one --- and I promise it's the last --- is for you,\\
who set me on this hidden path in 2000,\\ \vspace{5mm}
And in memory of Robert, who had so much left to say.
}

\chapter{Co-authorship statement}
\Chapref{incomeCMA} is a manuscript co-authored with John
F. Helliwell.  C. P. Barrington-Leigh is the primary author in all
regards. The {\em identification and design of the research
  program} for this paper were carried out jointly.
Background {\em research}, the  {\em data analysis}, and the {\em
  preparation of the manuscript} were performed by
C. P. Barrington-Leigh, with comments on revisions provided by John
F. Helliwell.

% Force a new page.
\newpage


% Suppress the running headers for this page only.
\thispagestyle{plain}

% Now regular page numbering begins.
\mainmatter%



\ifdoDoubleSpace{ \end{singlespace} }

\chapter{Introduction}%{Contributions}%
\label{sec:ThesisIntroduction}

\emph{Homo} \emph{sapiens} is an extraordinarily social animal and
economics has done much to contribute to the understanding of how
its individual actions can add up to interesting group behaviour.
In treating neat and tractable problems, however, economics may leave
itself open to straying from the most important questions it ostensibly
addresses. Humans like to seek hedonistic comforts and consumption,
but they also like to help others, to be socially engaged, and to
effect change in their lives and communities. Seeking non-market intangibles
such as competence, autonomy, and relatedness \citep{Ryan-Deci-AP2000}
are no less fundamental nor important parts of our human nature. In
the last four decades empirical evidence has become increasingly available
to address scientifically the question of what aspects of a life actually
promote the outcome of subjective well-being or, loosely, our {}``happiness''.


\section{Happiness in economics}

Should {}``happiness'' be an objective in economics? It is not a
natural one. In one sense, the social goal of humanity has in the
past been genetic and cultural adaptation of the species to the given,
possibly changing, environment. Individually, humans are assumed to
have generally pursued the promulgation of their own genes. 

What should be a measure of success for modern humanity? This is a
hard question, but for economics to answer it without asking is worse
than transparently failing to justify the answer. There is no naturally
preferred direction for genetic evolution; for instance, bigger brains
have often been a maladaptation due to their large energetic requirements.
As a means of organising our perceptions and motivations, we are endowed
by evolution with various internal measures of how things are going
--- for instance, (instantaneous) pleasure and (reflective) happiness
or satisfaction. 

Dystopian literature \citep[{\em e.g.,}][]{Huxley-BraveNewWorld1932}
has pointed out the perils of taking one evolved, psycho-physiological
motivating device, such as pleasure, as a primary objective. Nevertheless,
the pursuit of reflective happiness is more easily defended as an
important \emph{a priori} goal for a civilisation than are many others,
including consumption volume, production output, or sizes of choice
sets which are ubiquitously used as proxies for economic well-being.

Numerous other personal performance measures (health, longevity, caloric
intake, literacy, mobility, and so on) are available and relatively
accessible in objective terms. A fundamental premise of the subjective
well-being approach is that the relative importance of these metrics
as social outcomes cannot be divined from economic or evolutionary
theory. Ultimately, the question {}``What makes a good life?'' cannot
be answered with an arbitrary weighting of seemingly important factors.
More significantly, it also cannot be answered satisfactorily by appealing
to revealed preferences, especially for non-market goods for which
choices and marginal tradeoffs are less easily observed and for which
the variation in salient conditions may be small. Indeed, countless
examples of dysfunctional or inconsistent individual behaviour are
now available in economics as well as psychology and account for many
societal constraints and supports such as the prohibition of illegal
drugs and the inducement to save for one's old age.

To assess the quality of life experience one must then necessarily
appeal to a subjective response. By asking people in some way to report
the quality of their experience, we recognise that finding the determinants
of well-being given our current evolutionary makeup and civilised
situation is an empirical question.

Whether or not one is compelled by lofty policy implications of happiness
research or by elevating subjective well-being to some kind of a {}``prime
directive,'' understanding how circumstances and choices affect people's
own life satisfaction, and that of others in their society, bears
enough on the fundamentals of economics and policy to attract widespread
attention.


Subjective measures of overall life satisfaction have been a growing
component of psychological literature since the late 1960's
\citep{Cantril-1965} and come in the form of single-question measures
\citep{Diener-PB1984} and multi-question indices
\citep{Diener-Emmons-Larsen-Griffin-JPA1985}. 
For a recent assessment of the r\^{o}le of life satisfaction measures in
economics, see \citet{Dolan-Peasgood-White-JEPsych2007}.

Self-reported life satisfaction is a global assessment of life quality
according to the respondent's own criteria and standards.  It is not
framed by any objective conditions of health, wealth, comfort, or any
other of an interviewer's possible preconceptions of what might be an
important factor. It refers to all aspects of life deemed relevant to
the respondent and provides no information directly about an
assessment of more specific domains of life, nor about which aspects
the respondent considers important. 


A large literature has dealt with the influence of personality and
culture on self-reported life satisfaction
\citep{Diener-Oishi-Lucas-ARP2003}, and a pursuit of prominent
contemporary interest is to evaluate the social and economic
determinants of differences in life satisfaction across and within
countries.  The empirical papers in this
dissertation contribute to this effort by focusing on the variation
within one country, Canada. \Chapref{weatherPaper} provides some more
background on the psychological literature on happiness.


\section{Veblen preferences}

\section{Contributions}
 

\placeSecBib{\Chapref{ThesisIntroduction}}


\useColoursForSignificance
\useBoldForSignificance
\forThesis{
\begin{btUnit}
}
\input{thesisPaperOne.tex}

\placeSecBib{\Chapref{incomeCMA}}


%\input{thesisPaperTwo.tex}

%\useBoldForSignificance
%\input{thesisPaperThree.tex}

\chapter{Conclusions and further work}
\label{sec:thesisConclusion}
\begin{btUnit}


In this dissertation I have tackled difficulties that arise in
...
\placeSecBib{\Chapref{thesisConclusion}}
 
\newpage \appendix 
\renewcommand\baselinestretch{1.0}
\useColoursForSignificance


\begin{btUnit}
\input{thesisPaperOneAppendix.tex}
\clearpage
\placeSecBib{Appendix to \Chapref{incomeCMA}}

%
%\begin{btUnit}
%\input{thesisPaperTwoAppendix.tex}
%\clearpage
%\placeSecBib{Appendix to \Chapref{veblenNeighbourhoods}}
%
%\input{thesisPaperThreeAppendix.tex}
%\clearpage


\end{document}
